Konsep Maṣlaḥah dan IḥtiyāṬ pada Klausul Ta`Zīr dan Ta`Wīḍ dalam Transaksi
Studi Komparatif Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional Majelis Ulama Indonesia dan Fatwa Majma` al-Fiqh al-Islāmī al-Duwalī
Abstract
About ta`zīr and ta`wīḍ, there are similarities and differences in views between the National Sharia Council of the Indonesian Ulama Council (DSN-MUI) and Majma` al-Fiqh al-Islāmī al-Duwalī. This research discusses fatwa methods, similarities and differences, as well as the concepts of maṣlaḥaḥ and iḥtiyāṭ used by each of these institutions. This type of research is qualitative, using a comparative approach through document study and focused interviews. The results of this research indicate: First, in formulating fatwas regarding ta`zīr, DSN-MUI uses the Iā`dah al-Naẓar method, while Majma` al-Fiqh al-Islāmī uses the qauli method. In the ta'wīḍ fatwa, DSN-MUI uses the qauli method, while Majma` al-Fiqh al-Islāmī uses the naṣ qaṭ`i approach. Second, the similarity related to the ta`zīr fatwa is the aim of disciplining debtors. The difference is that DSN-MUI allows the imposition of ta`zīr on capable customers but delays payment, whereas in the Fatwa Majma` al-Fiqh al-Islāmī there is a prohibition on debtors from delaying payment of due debts, so that they are not allowed to agree in advance on sanctions due to delays. In matters of ta'wīḍ, both Institutions agree that compensation should not involve usury and other violations of sharia. The difference is that DSN-MUI allows ta'wīḍ on debt-receivable contracts, while Majma` al-Fiqh al-Islāmī allows it only on contracts that do not contain debt. Third, in the ta`zīr fatwa by DSN-MUI, the concept of maṣlaḥaḥ includes maintaining the rights of sharia issuers and timely payments. The concept of iḥtiyāṭ is manifested in the prohibition on recognizing ta`zīr funds as income. In the ta'wīḍ fatwa, the concept of maṣlaḥaḥ is in the form of protecting Sharia Issuers from undue losses. The concept of iḥtiyāṭ is realized in the provision that ta'wid is only charged for real costs that are directly related to the cost object. Majma` al-Fiqh al-Islāmī in his fatwa ta`zīr puts forward the concept of maṣlaḥaḥ as a preventive measure to prevent fines (hifẓ al-māl). The concept of iḥtiyāṭ is in the form of preventing usury. In the ta`wīḍ fatwa, the concept of maṣlaḥaḥ is to safeguard the rights of the customer to prevent delivery outside the agreed time. The concept of iḥtiyāṭ is manifested in the prohibition of ta`wīḍ clauses in contracts that contain elements of debts.
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