Menimbang Kenabian Perempuan dalam Al-Qur’an: Studi Komparatif Tafsir Fakhruddin ar-Razi dan Quraish Shihab
Abstract
The issue of female prophethood has long been discussed in Islamic thought and is often influenced by social and cultural views in different periods. This study examines how the Qur’an describes women who are closely connected to prophetic experiences, especially Maryam and the mother of Prophet Musa, through a comparative reading of two Qur’anic commentaries, Mafātīḥ al-Ghaib and Tafsir al-Misbah. This research uses a qualitative library-based method with historical, philosophical, and comparative approaches to understand how the background of each mufassir shapes their interpretation of the same verses, namely QS. Āli ‘Imrān [3]: 42, QS. Maryam [19]: 16–21, and QS. Al-Qaṣaṣ [28]: 7. The findings show that al-Razi rejects the idea of female prophethood by referring to theological and linguistic arguments that limit prophethood to men, reflecting the dominant views of his time. Meanwhile, Quraish Shihab presents a more open perspective by highlighting the spiritual position of Maryam and her special relationship with God, without formally giving her the status of a prophet. These differences indicate that Qur’anic interpretation is closely related to its historical and social context. This study contributes to the discussion of gender and revelation in Islam and encourages a more reflective understanding of classical interpretations in relation to contemporary concerns about justice and equality.
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